Obituaries in Kansas Newspapers (arranged by city)
Bernard ‘Ben’ Vierthaler
WICHITA — Bernard “Ben” Vierthaler, 66, Wichita, died Tuesday, March 9, 2004. Mr. Vierthaler was an inspector at Boeing Aircraft. Survivors include two daughters, Tracy Jones of Wichita and Terri Patterson of Andover; a brother, Marcellus Vierthaler of Haysville; four sisters, Rose Ann Adelhardt of Kingman, Charlene Schaller of St. Leo, Theresa Barnhardt of McPherson and Ann Becker of Downs; and a grandson. A private family service has been conducted.
Merle Freeman Johnson (1918-2004)
BROOKVILLE — Merle Freeman Johnson, 85, Brookville, died Tuesday, March 9, 2004, at Windsor Estates Nursing Home, Salina. Mr. Johnson was born Dec. 16, 1918, at Brookville to Albert and Anna Schrader Johnson. He was a farmer-rancher in the Brookville area and a former Brookville school board member. He attended the First Church of the Nazarene, Salina. He married Mary L. Collins Aug. 2, 1976 in Wichita. She survives. He was previously married to Maxine Webb Johnson. Survivors include three sons, Marvin Johnson of Salina, Michael Barnum of Greenville, N.C. and Mitchell Barnum of Fort Worth, Texas; a daughter, Sandy Griffith of McPherson; and nine grandchildren. He was preceded in death by a son, Jarold Johnson. The funeral was Friday at the Carlson-Ford-Geisendorf Funeral Home, Salina, the Rev. Rene Colaw officiating. Burial was in Brookville City Cemetery. Memorials may be made to Windsor Estates Nursing Home, 623 N. 3rd, Salina 67401.
Edward Vopat (1930-2004)
SHELTON, Wash. — Edward Vopat, 73, died Wednesday, March 3, 2004, at his home in Shelton. Mr. Vopat was born Oct. 29, 1930, in Ellsworth, Kan. to Ralph and Mildred Vodraska Vopat. He served in the U.S. Navy and was a truck driver for 48 years, working inWashington and Alaska. He married Beverly Weston Nov. 16, 1951. She survives. Other survivors include two sons, Michael of Vancouver, Wash. and Les of Shelton; a daughter, Debra Steiner of Shelton; and two sisters, Evelyn Arensman of Kanopolis and Carol Shannon of Hutchinson; and four grandchildren. He was preceded in death by a son, Larry, in 1999; a sister, Mona Brubaker in 1986; and his parents. The graveside service was Monday in Shelton Memorial Park, John Cook officiating. McComb Funeral Home, Shelton, was in charge of arrangements.
Sam Joe May (1934-2004)
OWASSO, Okla. — Sam Joe May, 69, died Thursday, Feb. 26, 2004, at his home in Owasso. Mr. May was born April 12, 1934, at Leroy, Kan. to Homer and Audie Elizabeth Hershey. He lived in Kanopolis, Kan., where he was the former plant manager for Acme Brick, until 1986, when he moved to Owasso. He was a member of the Masonic Lodge. He married Jaunita Stevens July 5, 1953, at Buffalo, Kan. She survives. Other survivors include three sons, Jeff of Ellsworth, Kan., Greg of Jonesboro, Ark., and Doug of Tulsa, Okla.; two sisters, Norma High of Lawrence, Kan., and Dorothy Decker of Chanute, Kan.; and six grandchildren. He was preceded in death by his parents and a brother, Gerald May. The funeral was Monday at Parsons Funeral Home, Ellsworth, the Rev. Richard Andrus officiating. Burial was in Ellsworth Memorial Cemetery. Memorials may be made to the St. Francis Hospice, 1303 W. Broadway, Muskogee, Ok. 74401.
Clarissa Splitter Pound (1944-2004)
EAST ROCHESTER, N.Y. — Clarissa Splitter Pound, 59, East Rochester, died Thursday, Feb. 26, 2004. Mrs. Pound was born Oct. 19, 1944. She was reared in Lorraine, Kan. and attended Lorraine High School. She was graduated from Ottawa University, Ottawa, Kan. Survivors include her husband, Larry D.; three children, Lisa Ann Howland, Dean Pound of Haymarket, Va., and Karl Pound of Springfield, Ill.; a brother, Melvin Splitter of Lorraine, Kan.; a sister, Rosalie Splitter; and four grandchildren. The funeral was Monday at the All Seasons Chapel of White Haven Memorial Park. Memorials may be made to the Kidney Foundation.
Leo D. Raleigh (1930-2004)
WINDOM — Leo D. Raleigh, 73, Windom, died Monday, Feb. 23, 2004, at Memorial Hospital, McPherson. Mr. Raleigh was born June 3, 1930, at Windom, where he was a lifetime resident. He was a farmer and owner-operator of Raleigh Insurance Agency. Following his retirement, he served as a crop adjuster for Farmers Mutual Hail and Hartford Insurance Companies. He was a member of the Windom United Methodist Church, where he served in many capacities, including Volunteering in Mission, and the Windom City Council and a past mayor. He also was active in the Lions Club, the Volunteer Fire Department, Habitat for Humanity and Society of the Gideon’s. He married Fern Elizabeth Harder July 25, 1948, at the Harder farm north of Windom. She survives. Other survivors include four daughters, Colleen Reinert of North Newton, Rebecca Jackson of Odenton, Md., Nancy Raleigh of Manhattan and Terri Bornholdt of Inman; a son, Mike Raleigh of Windom; a brother, Bob Raleigh of Rockford, Ill.; 10 grandchildren; and four great-grandchildren. He was preceded in death by his parents, Richard Henry and Rose Adelia Lindquist Raleigh; four brothers; and three sisters. The funeral was Feb. 26 at the Windom United Methodist Church, Pastor Grant Davis officiating. Burial was in Windom Cemetery. Memorials may be made to the church or the Lions Club. Glidden-Ediger Funeral Home, 222 W. Euclid Street, McPherson 67460. was in charge of arrangements.
Zelda A. Becker (1913-2004)
DOWNS — Zelda A. Becker, 91, died Wednesday, April 21, 2004, at the Downs Nursing Center. Mrs. Becker was born Feb. 28, 1913, at Claflin, to Ed and Martha (Harzman) Oeser. She attended New Hope Grade School in Barton County. She married Walter E. Becker Sept. 28, 1932, at Holyrood. She was a member of the Downs United Methodist Church, Downs Senior Center, and Erving Community Club. She was preceded in death by her husband; three sons, Roy, Gilbert, and Alfred Leo; and a great-granddaughter. Survivors include three sons, Herman of Osborne, Ralph and wife Lynda of Downs, and Donald of Hays; nine grandchildren; 14 great-grandchildren; and three greatgreat- grandchildren. Services were Monday at Downs United Methodist Church, Pastors Sherry Clemons and David Hardy officiating. Graveside services were Monday at St. Paul Cemetery, Holyrood. Memorials may be made to Downs Senior Center or the Downs United Methodist Church. Domoney’s Funeral Home, Downs, was in charge of arrangements.
Albert Carl Choitz (1918-2004)
ELLSWORTH — Albert Carl Choitz, 86, died Tuesday, April 20, 2004, at Ellsworth County Medical Center. Mr. Choitz was born Feb. 16, 1918, in Ellsworth County to Carl F. and Emilie (Schultz) Choitz. He was a lifetime resident of Ellsworth County. Before retiring he was a farmer/stockman. He was a member of St. Paul’s Lutheran Church, rural Ellsworth. He married Alvera Meier May 7, 1944, at Lincoln. She died April 20, 1986. He married Leore Walker Wild Feb. 16, 1991, at Ellsworth. She died Feb. 11, 1995. He was also preceded in death by two brothers, Edward and Ferdinand, and two sisters, Dora Choitz and Hilda Behrens. Survivors include three sons, Lloyd, Geneseo, Alvin, Lockwood, Mo., and Kenneth, Kanopolis; a daughter, Sylvia Ramsey, Yukon, Okla.; a brother, Reinhold, Lincoln; two sisters, Christina Achterberg, Lincoln, and Caroline Schwerdtfeger, Ellsworth; nine grandchildren; and five great-grandchildren. Services were Friday at St. Paul’s Lutheran Church, Ellsworth, Pastor Philip Hoppe officiating. Burial was in St. Paul’s Lutheran Cemetery. Memorials may be made to St. Paul’s Lutheran Church. Parsons Funeral Home, Ellsworth, was in charge of arrangements.
Lloyd Ezra Heinze Sr. (1919-2004)
YUCAIPA, Calif. — Lloyd Ezra Heinze, Sr., 84, died Thursday, April 15, 2004, at Yucaipa, Calif. Mr. Heinze was born Sept. 6, 1919, at Dorrance to David and Sofia (Lizzie) Heinze. Mr. Heinze farmed on the family farm in Kansas before moving to California. He was a truck driver 15 years for Douglas Aircraft before retiring. He married Ethel Williams Oct. 22, 1944, at Russell. She died March 18, 1952. He married Laura Jean Mikulecky April l3, 1954. She died Jan. 29, 1981. He was also preceded in death by an infant daughter, Hope, and three sisters, Blanch Shaves, Lillian Garton, and Lillie Owen. Survivors include three sons, Lloyd E. Jr. and David “Mick” of Sunbright, Tenn., and Gene Heinze, Lake Matthews, Calif.; two daughters, Anita Steinle, Yucaipa, Calif., and Sharon Ruffner, Northridge, Calif.; a sister, Esther Grow, Westminster, Calif.; nine grandchildren; and five greatgrandchildren. Services were Friday at Forest Lawn Cypress, Cypress, Calif. A graveside service and inurnment is tentatively scheduled for May 15 at Russell City Cemetery, Russell. Memorials may be made to the Alzheimer’s Association, 5900 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1100, Los Angeles, Calif. 90036.
Stephen L. Pejsha (1946-2004)
WILSON — Stephen L. Pejsha, 58, died Sunday, April 25, 2004, at his home. Mr. Pejsha was born Feb. 21, 1946, at Lincoln to Otes and Vera (Herbel) Pejsha. He lived in Lincoln County until moving in 1995 to Wilson. He was a heavy equipment operator. He was a member of Immanuel Lutheran Church, Wilson. He was preceded in death by his father in 1993. Survivors include his mother, Vera Pejsha, Wilson; two brothers, Gary, Nevada, Iowa, and Robbin, Salina; and a sister, Shelly Sebesta, Wilson. Services were Wednesday at Immanuel Lutheran Church, Pastor James Wagner officiating. Burial was in Wilson City Cemetery. Memorials may be made to the Midland Hotel, Wilson. Foster Mortuary, Wilson, was in charge of arrangements.
Ethel C. Thielen (1912-2004)
DORRANCE — Ethel C. Thielen, 92, Dorrance, died Tuesday, April 20, 2004, at the Hays Medical Center. Mrs. Thielen was born Jan. 28, 1912, in Russell County, to Patrick and Sylvia (Fink) Coady. She was a lifetime resident of Dorrance. She was a homemaker and teacher. She was a member of St. Joseph’s Church, Dorrance. She married George H. Thielen May 12, 1936, in Russell County. He survives. Other survivors include two sons, Neal, Boulder, Colo., and Joseph, Dorrance; a daughter, Joan Kaufman, Topeka; a brother, Richard Coady, Eugene, Ore.; three sisters, Ruth Ruff, Cairo, Ga., Julie Mermis, Gorham, and Betty Newton, Anthony; 10 grandchildren; and nine great-grandchildren. Services were Saturday at St. Joseph’s Church Fr. Frank Coady officiating. Burial was in St. Joseph’s Cemetery, Dorrance. Memorials may be made to St. Joseph’s Cemetery Fund or the Wilson Senior Center. Foster Mortuary, Wilson, was in charge of arrangements.
Ivan F. Henne (1917-2004)
ROXBURY — Ivan F. Henne, 86, Roxbury, died Friday, April 16, 2004. Mr. Henne was born June 3, 1917, in Gypsum. He had been a banker at Roxbury State Bank. Survivors include his wife, Elva Mae of Roxbury; three sons, Larry of Holyrood, Dwight of Lindsborg, and Lowell of Wamego; a brother, Milan of Gypsum; two sisters, Delilah Ingram of Canton, and Verna Belle Forsberg of Assaria; six grandchildren; and four great-grandchildren. Services were Tuesday at Roxbury United Parish. Burial was in Valley View Cemetery, Roxbury. Memorials may be made to the church or a charity of the donor’s choice. Hays-Christians Funeral Home, 103 N. Washington, Lindsborg, Kan. 67456 was in charge of arrangements.
Ernie Hochman (1927-2004)
KANOPOLIS — Ernie Hochman, 76, died Tuesday, April 13, 2004, at Ellsworth County Medical Center. Mr. Hochman was born May 3, 1927, at Lorraine to Martin and Emma (Hanzlicek) Hochman, Sr. He was a lifetime resident of Geneseo. He was a farmer, stockman, and worked 23 years for Independent Salt Co. He was a member of Immanuel Lutheran Church, Ellsworth. He married Anna Schroeder Dec. 26, 1948, at Ellsworth. She survives of the home. Other survivors include three sons, Steven Hochman, Kansas City, Mark Hochman, Geneseo, and Kevin Hochman, Norman, Okla.; a daughter, Kathryn Benn, Austin, Texas; a brother, Martin Hochman, Jr., Lorraine; two sisters, Lillian Dlabal and Shirley Truhlar, both of Ellsworth; and 11 grandchildren. Services were Friday at Immanuel Lutheran Church, Pastor Philip Hoppe officiating. Burial was in Buckeye Cemetery, rural Kanopolis. Memorial may be made to Immanuel Lutheran Church and Kansas State University Center for Basic Cancer Research. Parsons Funeral Home, Ellsworth, was in charge of arrangements.
Dorothy M. Neuschafer (1917-2004)
HUTCHINSON — Dorothy M. Neuschafer, 86, died Wednesday, April 7, 2004, at the Hospice House. Mrs. Neuschafer was born May 24, 1917, in Ellsworth County, to Fred C. and Lizzie “Lucy” C. (Lorenz) Schneider. She was a longtime resident of Ellsworth County and moved to Hutchinson in 1996. She was a 1935 graduate of Ellsworth High School. She was a clerk at the old Triple A (now the Farm Service Agency), a homemaker, and a clerk at Betty’s Clothing Store in Holyrood. She was a member of Our Redeemer Lutheran Church in Hutchinson. She married John William Neuschafer Sept. 21, 1941, in Ellsworth. He died Nov. 9, 1999. She also was preceded in death by her parents, brothers Elmer G. and Wilbert F. Schneider, and a sister, Gladys Schneider. Survivors include two sons and and daughters-inlaw, Larry G. and Joetta Neuschafer of Cimarron, and Dr. Darrel R. and Carol Neuschafer of Hutchinson; a sister, Rose Kempke of Ellsworth; five grandsons, Larry G. and his wife, Charlotte Neuschafer, Cimarron, Chuck and his wife, Audrey, Dacula, Ga., Daric T. and his wife, Jennifer, and Dustin J. Neuschafer, all of Hutchinson, and Brandon W. and his wife, Jennifer, St. Louis, Mo.; and 10 greatgrandchildren. Services were April 9 at Our Redeemer Lutheran Church in Hutchinson and graveside services were Friday at St. Peter’s Lutheran Cemetery in Holyrood, Pastor Thomas B. Mendenhall officiating. Memorials may be made to Our Redeemer Lutheran Church, Hospice of Reno County, or St. Peter’s Lutheran Church of Holyrood. Elliott Mortuary of Hutchinson was in charge of arrangements.
Marlyn Kay Kratzer Brady Coleman (1939-2004)
RENO, Nev. — Marlyn Kay Kratzer Brady Coleman, 64, died Friday, April 9, 2004, at Winnemuca, Nev. Mrs. Coleman was born June 30, 1939, near Geneseo in Ellsworth County, to George and Pauline (Hedrick) Kratzer. She was a former elementary teacher, having taught in Manhattan, Fort Riley, Kansas City, and Wichita. In 1989, she started Marlin’s Finest Gourmet Foods and ran it for several years. She attended Geneseo public schools and Stephens College, Columbia, Mo. She graduated from Kansas State University, Manhattan. She was a member of Chi Omega soroity. In 1979 she married Ken Coleman, who survives of the home. She was preceded in death by her father. Other survivors are her mother Pauline Kratzer Lyons; two brothers Gary Kratzer and Don Kratzer and wife Judith Geneseo; three step daughters, Elizabeth O’Brien, Kathy Diamond, Debbie DeAngell, all of Reno, Nev.; four grand-children; and four nieces and nephews. Graveside services were today at Geneseo Cemetery, Rev. Lyndelle Linde officiating. Memorials may be made to the Humane Society or Sunflower Estates. Lyons. Sillin Funeral Home, Lyons, was in charge of arrangements.
Dale H. Stinson (1915-2004)
WILSON — Inurnment for Dale H. Stinson will be 11:30 a.m. Saturday, April 17 at the Wilson Cemetery.
Armin W. Meitler (1912-2004)
Armin Walter Meitler, 91, died Saturday, April 3, 2004, at the Ellsworth County Medical Center after a brief illness. Mr. Meitler was born April 10, 1912, on a farm three miles east of Lucas, to Fred and Anke (Janssen) Meitler. He married Norma Thaemert Sept. 19, 1937. He lived on the family farm and raised registered Hereford cattle from 1932 until retiring in 1972. After retiring Mr. Meitler and his wife moved to Ellsworth, he operated a business out of his home, selling more than 10,000 hand-carved Kansas birds. He was a member of the Ellsworth County Historial Society board for 24 years, and was named Historian of the Year in 2003. He was active in Lutheran churches in Sylvan Grove and Ellsworth. He was preceded in death by an infant son, Donald, in 1942, a sister, Rosa Stuive, and a brother, Carl Meitler. Survivors include his wife of the home; two sons, Neal and daughter-in-law Carol Meitler of Wales, Wis., and Gene Meitler of Lucas; a daughter and son-in-law, Lu and Keith Adams of Ellsworth; eight grandchildren; and 13 great-grandchildren. Private family services were Tuesday at the Sylvan Grove Cemetery, the Rev. Phillip Hoppe officiating. Pallbearers were Kevin Peck, Kirk Peck, Nitu Arora, Clint Meitler, Darris Meitler, Alan Meitler, Paul Meitler and Scott Reeves. A celebration of Mr. Meitler’s life followed at Immanuel Lutheran Church, Ellsworth. Memorials may be made to the Ellsworth County Historical Society or the Ellsworth United Methodist Church television ministry. Rodrick and Minear Funeral Home, Sylvan Grove, was in charge of arrangements.
Kevin Vanek (1974-2004)
KANOPOLIS — Kevin Vanek, 29, died Thursday, April 1, 2004, in rural Ellsworth County. Mr. Vanek was born Oct. 6, 1974, at Ellsworth to Charles Michael and Dianna Jean (Bach) Vanek. He was a lifetime resident of Ellsworth County and worked as an Arco fencing installer. He was a member of the First Presbyterian Church, Ellsworth. He is survived by a son, Dennis Riley Vanek of Ellsworth; his parents, Mike and Dianna Vanek of Kanopolis; three sisters, Laura Bettenbrock of Ellsworth, Marcia Vanek of Kanopolis, and Leah Vanek of Kanopolis; grandmothers Virginia Vanek of Carneiro and Eleanor Bach of Manhattan; grandparents Helen and Cliff Nesje of Crosby, N.D.; many aunts, uncles, cousins and nieces; and family friend Clint Fletcher of Ellsworth. Services were Monday at the Parsons Funeral Home, the Rev. Leonard Goering officating. Burial was in Carneiro Cemetery. Memorials may be made to the Dennis Vanek Education Fund. Parsons Funeral Home of Ellsworth was in charge of arrangements.
May Augusta Griswold (1905-2004)
NEWTON — May Augusta Griswold, 98, died Sunday, March 21, 2004, at Newton Presbyterian Manor. Mrs. Griswold was born May 1, 1905, at Wilson to August and Harriet Elizabeth (Frantz) Langerman. After graduating from high school, she attended Fort Hays State College at Hays. On Feb. 26, 1927, she married Sherwin B. Griswold at Wilson. They moved in 1937 to Newton, where she became a member of the First United Presbyterian Church. She was a member of the Irene Circle, Chapter AG of P.E.O. and the Sorosis Club. She was voted Newton’s Woman of the Year in “Church and Religion” in 1962. She was preceded in death by her husband, who died Dec. 7, 2001; her parents; two brothers, Ray Langerman and Dell Langerman; and two sisters, Leita Urbanek and Mary Shannon. Survivors include a son, Dr. Dale Griswold and wife, Eleanor of Newton; a son, Dr. Don Griswold of North Wales, Penn.; a daughter, Dr. Mary Ann Hankin and husband Julius of Falls Church, Va.; three grandsons; and five great-grandchildren. The funeral was March 25 at Broadway Colonial Funeral Home, Newton, the Rev. James Anderson officiating. Burial was in Restlawn Gardens of Memory, Newton. Memorials may be made to the Newton Presbyterian Manor Good Samaritan Fund or the First United Presbyterian Church.
Vera E. Smischny (1916-2004)
Vera E. Smischny, 87, died Saturday, March 27, 2004, at Good Samaritan Retirement Center. Mrs. Smischny was born April 27, 1916, at Holyrood, to John and Anna (Kraft) Horejsi. She was a lifetime resident of Ellsworth County. Mrs. Smischny was a caretaker for the Ellsworth County Historical Society for many years and a former one-room schoolhouse teacher. She was a 54-year member of the Holyrood Order of Eastern Star, No. 420, a 56-year member of the Ellsworth American Legion Auxiliary, and a member of the First United Methodist Church at Ellsworth. She was preceded in death by her son, John, who died Oct. 22, 1992; two brothers; and one sister. Survivors include a former husband, Victor Smischny of Ellsworth; four nephews; and one niece. Visitation was 1 to 8 p.m. Wednesday, with family greeting friends from 5 to 7 p.m., and again from 8 to 10 a.m. today (Thursday). The funeral was 10 a.m. today (Thursday) at Parsons Funeral Home with Order of Eastern Star service, Pastor Jim Newkirk officiated. Burial was in Ellsworth Cemetery. Memorials may be made to the Shriners Hospital for children. Parsons Funeral Home of Ellsworth was in charge of arrangements.
Thomas A. Williams (1957-2004)
RUSSELL — Thomas A. “Tom” Williams, 46, died Tuesday, March 23, 2004, at his home. Mr. Williams was born Oct. 26, 1957, at Phillipsburg to Paul Duane and Ruby Jean (Schoen) Williams. He moved with his family to Russell in 1962 where he grew up and attended Russell schools. After receiving his education he worked in the Russell area oil fields. He worked on a drilling unit as a pumper and on a pulling unit for several years. He also worked at Don’s Tree Service for a few years. Mr. Williams attended Northwest Kansas Technical College in Goodland and received telecommunications training. He moved to Tulsa, Okla., and worked for MCI-Worldcom as a senior lead technician from 1996 until moving back to Russell in 2003. He was baptized in the First Baptist Church in Russell. He was preceded in death by his grandparents, and his father, Paul D. Williams, who died Jan. 1. He is survived by his mother, Ruby Williams of Russell; two brothers, Laurel “Bud” Williams and Scotty Williams of Russell; and two sisters, Debra Lee Williams of Huntington Beach, Calif., and Denise Williams of Tulsa, Okla. The funeral was Saturday, March 27, at Pohlman-Heise Memorial Chapel in Russell, Rev. Terry West officiating. Burial was at Langley Cemetery at Marquette. Memorials may be made to the City of Russell Tree Program, in care of Pohlman- Heise Mortuary, 610 N. Maple, Russell, Kan. 67665.
Lee Ralph Gregory (1924-2004)
SAN LEANDRO, Calif. — Lee Ralph Gregory, 80, died Friday, April 23, 2004, at his home. Mr. Gregory was born Feb. 29, 1924, on the Gregory Ranch south of Ellsworth to Ralph and Bessie (McCoy) Gregory. He lived in Ellsworth until he was 18 years old. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1943 to 1945. He was a project manager for 50 years. Survivors include his wife, Phyllis of the home; two sons, Gary of Scottsdale, Ariz., and Matt of San Leandro, Calif.; three daughters, Cathy Wieber of Las Vegas, Nev., Laurie Richards of Atascadero, Calif., and Jessica Anderson of Seattle, Wash.; a brother, Ray of Old Saybrook, Conn.; a sister, Vada Johnson of Leavenworth; five grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren. A celebration of his life will be 2 p.m. June 5, at his home. Cremation has taken place and no burial is planned. Memorials may be made to the ALS Association Bay Area Chapter, 140 Geary St., Fourth Floor, San Francisco, Calif. 94108. Santos-Robinson Mortuary, San Leandro, Calif., is in charge of arrangements.
